Management‐dependent effects of pollinator functional diversity on apple pollination services: A response–effect trait approach

Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk.

In a recent opinion article in TREE, Ghazoul [1] questions the existence of a global pollinator crisis and, in doing so, raises some important points about the uncertainty of human dependence upon pollination services. We agree with Ghazoul [1] that much uncertainty remains regarding pollinator–pollination declines. However, we think that his assessment draws biased conclusions for pollinator d...

the effect of functional/notional approach on the proficiency level of efl learners and its evaluation through functional test

in fact, this study focused on the following questions: 1. is there any difference between the effect of functional/notional approach and the structural approaches to language teaching on the proficiency test of efl learners? 2. can a rather innovative language test referred to as "functional test" ge devised so so to measure the proficiency test of efl learners, and thus be as much reliable an...

Apple Pollination: Demand Depends on Variety and Supply Depends on Pollinator Identity

Insect pollination underpins apple production but the extent to which different pollinator guilds supply this service, particularly across different apple varieties, is unknown. Such information is essential if appropriate orchard management practices are to be targeted and proportional to the potential benefits pollinator species may provide. Here we use a novel combination of pollinator effec...

Pollination services enhanced with urbanization despite increasing pollinator parasitism

Animal-mediated pollination is required for the reproduction of the majority of angiosperms, and pollinators are therefore essential for ecosystem functioning and the economy. Two major threats to insect pollinators are anthropogenic land-use change and the spread of pathogens, whose effects may interact to impact pollination. Here, we investigated the relative effects on the ecosystem service ...

Effects of aminoethoxyvinylgly-cine on the effective pollination period of apple